Chapter 9

In chapter 9, Paul returns to the front lines and finds Kat, Muller, Tjaden, and Kropp still alive. They are all told that the Kaiser is coming to visit the army and they all get excited. They get new uniforms, and everything is cleaned from top to bottom. After the Kaiser visits, Paul and the others decide that they are not impressed. They begin to think that war is only good for leaders who want to be in history books, and that war is unnecessary. Paul then volunteers to go to "No mans land" to gain intel on the enemy's strengths. On his way back from no mans land, he is bombarded and forced to hide out in a shell hole. While he's waiting, a French soldier jumps into the shell hole and Paul is forced to stab him. The Frenchman does not die right away, so Paul bandages him up and gives him some water until he passes. After the French soldier dies, Paul has to wait in the shell hole with the dead soldier until dark so he can make it back without being spotted. He explains to the deceased soldier that if he could do it over he would not stab him again and he would let him live. Darkness finally comes and Paul makes it back to his friends and he explains to them what happened. They take his attention from the event and explain to him that it was kill or be killed.

Corporal Himmelstoss

My name is Corporal Himmelstoss. Before the war broke out I was just an ordinary postman. War changes a man. I soon came to be known for my brutal training methods and bullying young recruits. I used unethical and dangerous techniques, humiliating and degrading the recruits. I was sent to the front lines and soon came to find out that I was no better than the recruits I trained. It's a rude wake up call to be in the trenches fighting for your life. I'm remorseful for the way I treated the recruits and will do anything I can to make up for it.

Group 3 Bergen

Founding

• Founded in 12th Century AD
• Trade was the backbone of Hanseatic League
• most common item of trade was Salt, crucial for many cities who had huge fish industries

Trust and Truth

• Contracts were done by handshake and word of mouth.
• Written contracts were not as necessary because there was general trust shared by league members
• If problems arose the league would meet with city representatives to resolve the issues at hand.

Historical Markers

• The start of the Hansa was traced back to the rebuilding of northern German town, Lubeck in 1159 by Henry Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria.
• 1265- All German towns, with the Law of Lubeck, had agreed on common legislation for the defense of merchants and their goods.
• 1270- Lubeck-Hamburg association aquired trading privileges in Flanders and England United.
• 1280- The confederation of German Merchants trading in the west, was closely closely joined to the association trading in the Baltic. 
• By the early 13th century Germans had a strong build on long distant trade in the Baltic.

Cities

• Each city governed itself like a independent city, each had its own legal system, standing army, treasury, court and seal
• However it was not a city-state nor a group of city-states. Only very few cities in the Hanseatic League enjoyed independence that could compare to an imperial city
• Socially every city has many similarities; what they traded, who they traded with, their cities, and their social standings. The few differences are mainly to do with cultural influences. Mainly language. 
• The main language spoken throughout the Hanseatic cities was German, however languages such as estonian and Latvian were popular as well.    

Trade Routes

• Bergen was not only the capital of Norway, but also the center of trade for Western Norway.
• Bryggens was the harbor in Bergen used for trade.  
• The ships they used for transport, carried cod from Norway to the European countries.
• Catholics used the fish for when they fasted.

Describe the ships, cities and social make up of Hanse Cities.

Ships

• Usually 20-30m long by 5-8 m wide with a crew of only 5-10 men
• built similar to Viking ships, however were only merchant ships
• Flat bottoms which were fitted for sailing in the shallow seas, mainly sailed along the coast and unable to sail against the wind
• Ships shipped every sort of good, but main exports and imports were salt, herring, grains, timber, and amber